The dataset presents average values of the number of days per year where the maximum temperature has exceeded 35 degrees Celsius from the period 1987- 2016, for a series of individual European cities from Eurostat's Urban Audit 2011-2014 spatial dataset. The associated values are based on the E-OBS dataset from the EU-FP6 project ENSEMBLES (http://ensembles-eu.metoffice.com) and around 10,000 meteorological stations across Europe. This dataset has been used also in the EEA Report No 22/2018 "Unequal exposure and unequal impacts: social vulnerability to air pollution, noise and extreme temperatures in Europe" (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/unequal-exposure-and-unequal-impacts/at_download/file).

The dataset presents the average number of combined hot days - with maximum temperature over 30 degrees Celsius - and tropical nights - with minimum temperature over 20 degrees Celsius - in the period 1987-2016, for a series of individual European cities from Eurostat's Urban Audit 2011-2014 spatial dataset. The associated values are based on the E-OBS dataset from the EU-FP6 project ENSEMBLES (http://ensembles-eu.metoffice.com) and around 10,000 meteorological stations across Europe. The combination of hot days and warm nights is particularly dangerous to human health, as the high temperatures during night time does not allow for the cities and buildings to cool down. Such combination, if lasting over several days (heatwaves) can have severe health implications or even be fatal to the elderly, babies or those in poor health. Therefore, the knowledge of the occurrence of such conditions in a given location can be useful in planning adaptation to the changing climate and protection of the vulnerable groups from heat. This dataset has been used also in the EEA Report No 22/2018 "Unequal exposure and unequal impacts: social vulnerability to air pollution, noise and extreme temperatures in Europe" (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/unequal-exposure-and-unequal-impacts/at_download/file).

This dataset represents the observed trend in maximum annual five day consecutive precipitation over Europe, between 1960 and 2015, during the winter season (December, January, February). Heavy precipitation events have become more intense and more frequent in Europe on average, but there are important differences across regions, seasons, time periods, heavy precipitation indices and underlying datasets. Studies generally agree that heavy precipitation has become more intense in northern and north-eastern Europe since the 1950s, even though not all changes are statistically significant. Different studies and indices show diverging trends for south-western and southern Europe. Heavy precipitation may lead to local surface water flooding in cities, therefore should be considered in adaptation planning. This dataset is used also in the EEA Indicator "Heavy precipitation in Europe": https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/precipitation-extremes-in-europe-3/assessment, which in the meantime has been updated.

This gridded dataset presents the projected changes (in percentage) in heavy precipitation in winter season (December, January, February) in Europe, from 1971-2000 to 2071–2100 for the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 scenario, based on the ensemble mean of different Regional Climate Models (RCMs) nested in different General Circulation Models (GCMs). This dataset is an output of the EURO-CORDEX data, produced in the context of the EURO-CORDEX initiative. EURO-CORDEX is the European branch of the CORDEX initiative, producing ensemble climate simulations based on multiple dynamical and empirical-statistical downscaling models forced by multiple global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). More information about this initiative on: https://www.euro-cordex.net/060374/index.php.en. The dataset has been used in the EEA Indicator "Heavy precipitation in Europe": https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/precipitation-extremes-in-europe-3/assessment, which in the meantime has been updated.

This gridded dataset represents the observed trend in maximum annual five day consecutive precipitation over Europe, between 1960 and 2015, during summer (June, July, August). Heavy precipitation events have become more intense and more frequent in Europe on average, but there are important differences across regions, seasons, time periods, heavy precipitation indices and underlying datasets. Studies generally agree that heavy precipitation has become more intense in northern and north-eastern Europe since the 1950s, even though not all changes are statistically significant. Different studies and indices show diverging trends for south-western and southern Europe. Heavy precipitation may lead to local surface water flooding in cities, therefore should be considered in adaptation planning. This dataset is used also in the EEA Indicator "Heavy precipitation in Europe": https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/precipitation-extremes-in-europe-3/assessment, which in the meantime has been updated.

The raster dataset presents the median of the projected number of extreme heatwaves in the near future (2020–2052) in Europe, following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 scenario. The dataset is one of the multimodel ensemble used to project future occurrence and severity of heat waves under different RCP, which were adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for its Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The dataset is one of the output of the JRC “Number of heat waves” data described here: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/2014JD022098. The dataset has been used as a source for the EEA indicator “Global and European temperature”: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-8/assessment, which in the meantime has been already updated.

The dataset presents the annual number of Cooling Degree Days (CDD) in average for the period 1990-2015, for a series of individual European cities from Eurostat's Urban Audit 2011-2014 spatial dataset, based on the E-OBS dataset from the EU-FP6 project ENSEMBLES (http://ensembles-eu.metoffice.com) and around 10,000 meteorological stations across Europe. This dataset has been used in the EEA Report No 22/2018 "Unequal exposure and unequal impacts: social vulnerability to air pollution, noise and extreme temperatures in Europe" (https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/unequal-exposure-and-unequal-impacts/at_download/file), where CDD is defined as the sum of the difference in degrees between 21 °C and the mean temperature over the year, for the days when the mean daily temperature is higher than 21 °C. The number of CDDs is useful in differentiating between areas based on the need for cooling homes or workplaces. As a measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy needed to cool a building in order to keep it at a comfortable temperature, it is relevant to issues of thermal comfort and energy affordability.

The gridded dataset presents the median of the projected number of extreme heatwaves in the future (2068–2100) in Europe, following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 scenario. The dataset is one of the multimodel ensemble used to project future occurrence and severity of heat waves under different RCP, which were adopted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for its Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). The dataset is one of the output of the JRC “Number of heat waves” data described here: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/2014JD022098 The dataset has been used as a source for the EEA indicator “Global and European temperature”: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-8/assessment, which in the meantime has been updated.

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The raster dataset of urban heat island modelling shows the fine-scale (100m pixel size) temperature differences (in degrees Celsius °C) across 100 European cities, depending on the land use, soil sealing, anthropogenic heat flux, vegetation index and climatic variables such as wind speed and incoming solar radiation. In the framework of the Copernicus European Health contract for the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), VITO provided 100m resolution hourly temperature data (2008-2017) for 100 European cities, based on simulations with the urban climate model UrbClim (De Ridder et al., 2015). As the cities vary in size, so do the model domains. They have been defined with the intention to have a more or less constant ratio of urban vs. non-urban pixels (as defined in the CORINE land use map), with a maximum of 400 by 400 pixels (due to computational restraints). From this data set, the average urban heat island intensity is mapped for the summer season (JJA), which is the standard way of working in the scientific literature (e.g. Dosio, 2016). The UHI is calculated by subtracting the rural (non-water) spatial P10 temperature value from the average temperature map. The 100 European cities for the urban simulations were selected based on user requirements within the health community.